Define knowledge of performance and knowledge of results; when should each be used in coaching feedback?

• A. Knowledge of performance describes movement quality; knowledge of results describes outcome. Use KOP to guide technique; KR after tasks to indicate accuracy or achievement of result.
• B. Knowledge of performance describes outcomes; knowledge of results describes movement quality; KR should be used before tasks.
• C. Knowledge of performance is used only for measuring speed; knowledge of results is used only for accuracy.
• D. Knowledge of performance describes movement quality; knowledge of results describes outcome. Use KR to guide technique; KOP after tasks to indicate accuracy.

Answer: (D)

The key idea is telling the learner about two different kinds of feedback: how the movement was performed vs. what the result was. Knowledge of performance is about movement quality—technique, form, and the arrangement of body segments during the action. Knowledge of results is about the outcome—whether the goal was achieved, such as a successful shot, a finished distance, or a correct time.

In coaching, you use knowledge of performance to guide technique while or after a trial, helping the learner adjust how they move to improve quality. Knowledge of results comes after a trial to show whether the target outcome was reached, which informs whether the current technique is producing the desired result. The statement matches this separation: movement quality is linked to knowledge of performance, outcome to knowledge of results, with feedback applied to guide technique and to reflect on accuracy after attempting the task.

Other options mix up which type describes movement quality versus outcome or imply the timing of feedback in ways that don’t align with how these cues are typically used. For example, treating movement quality as the outcome or suggesting outcome feedback should guide technique would blur the distinct roles these cues play in shaping both technique and results.

Example: during a drill, you might point out KOP details like stance, alignment, and timing to refine the movement. After the attempt, you provide KR such as whether the ball went in or how close it was to the target, so learners understand the result and can set next-step adjustments.